Casper - Ethereum's Latest Protocol Upgrade
14 July 2025
Ethereum secures its ledger through a sequence of protocol upgrades. The most recent, Casper, replaces proof-of-work with proof-of-stake. Under Casper, validators lock ether into a deposit contract; they propose or attest to blocks. Each correct attestation earns ether. Each incorrect or absent attestation triggers a penalty that destroys part of the deposit. The protocol withholds […]